这是一种原本对在受洗后继续犯罪的基督徒进行帮助的做法。这种做法在早期教会就有雏形,主要方式跟祷告、禁食、施舍相关。到11—13世纪十字军东征期间越发与朝圣、财物奉献绑定起来。尤其在中世纪晚期被罗马公教滥用,特别在1506年开始重建罗马圣彼得大教堂以后,“免罚证明”(letters of indulgence)泛滥。这让人误以为购买此证明可以确保获得赦罪并免于任何意义的惩罚。
<1> 关于“免罚”制度历史,详见:Timothy J. Wengert, Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses: With Introduction, Commentary, and Study Guide (Fortress Press, 2015). Edward N. Peters, A Modern Guide to Indulgences: Rediscovering This Often Misinterpreted Teaching (Hillenbrand Books, 2008). Enrico dal Covolo, “The Historical Origin of Indulgences”, L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican, May 19, 1999), https://www.catholicculture.org/ ... ew.cfm?recnum=1054. František Šmahel, "The National Idea, Secular Power and Social Issues in the Political Theology of Jan Hus", A Companion to Jan Hus, edited by František Šmahel, in cooperation with Ota Pavlíček (Brill, 2015), 240-241.
<2> Timothy J. Wengert, Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses: With Introduction, Commentary, and Study Guide (Fortress Press, 2015), xxxviii.
<3> Peter Marshall, 1517: Martin Luther and the Invention of the Reformation (Oxford University Press, 2017), 63-65. Martin Treu, “Latest developments in the debate about the theses being nailed to the church door”, https://www.luther2017.de/en/mar ... ttenberg-churches/.
<4> 同上,64。Timothy J. Wenger, The Annotated Luther: The Roots of Reform, Volume 1 (Fortress Press, 2015), 23. Heinz Schilling, Martin Luther: Rebel in an Age of Upheaval, translated by Rona Johnston Gordon (Oxford University Press, 2017), 134. Daniel Jütte, The Strait Gate: Thresholds and Power in Western History (Yale University Press, 2015), 180.
<5> Peter Marshall, 1517: Martin Luther and the Invention of the Reformation (Oxford University Press, 2017), 82-165. Dmitri Levitin, “Nailing the Myth”, Literary Review (August 2017), https://literaryreview.co.uk/nailing-the-myth.
<7> James Lowry ed., Displaced Archives (Routledge, 2017), 115.
<8> Timothy J. Wengert, Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses: With Introduction, Commentary, and Study Guide (Fortress Press, 2015), xiii-37. http://luther2017.se/?page_id=103.
<9> Scott H. Hendrix, Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer (Yale University Press, 2015), 62. Peter Marshall, 1517: Martin Luther and the Invention of the Reformation (Oxford University Press, 2017), 46. Martin Brecht, translated by James L. Schaaf, Martin Luther: His road to Reformation, 1483-1521 (Fortress Press, 1993), 161. John W. Klooster, Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates, Volume 1 (Greenwood Press, 2009), 8.
<10> Timothy J. Wenger, The Annotated Luther: The Roots of Reform, Volume 1 (Fortress Press, 2015), 52.
题图为《1517:马丁·路德与人们对“宗教改革”的想象》(1517: Martin Luther and the Invention of the Reformation)封面。英国历史学家彼得·马歇尔(Peter Marshall)在2017年通过牛津大学出版社出版的这本专著,基于前人研究成果对路德究竟如何发出《九十五条论纲》及历史上人们对此的想象与记载进行了澄清和评价。